When my daughter died in 1994, I heard nothing from the hospital staff after our discharge. Instead, I returned to my home where grief had taken residence, and I was left alone. No social worker or nurse attended to my needs. No pastor or clergy offered aid. No physician called to check on our family. No cards were sent from the medical staff. Nothing. Just the silence of apathy and death, now camped next to my bedstand.
In 1999, five years later, our dog, Bandit, died. The veterinarian and his staff were gentle, kind, and empathic. They called that same day to check on us and express their sympathy. And four days later, we received this card in the mail:
To Bandit's Family
Our thoughts are with you,
when sometimes the hurt is too big for words.
We are so sorry for the loss of Bandit.
I know you loved him and that he will be missed.
Roger William DMV and staff
I was, frankly, both awed and angered. How is it that years earlier, I had not received this type of care and compassion upon the death of my child? What gives?
The ethos of
primum non nocere, first do no harm, has been a guiding principle of medicine since the mid-nineteenth century. This axiom quickly becomes familiar to med school students as they endeavor toward epistemic gain and become introduced to the micro-culture of medicine.
But is a postmodern detached, passive interpretation of this canon enough? Do we stop at first, or is there an imperative to do more?And should physicians strive for better than merely doing no harm? Why not strive toward beneficence?
A recent article published in the journal Academic Medicine (Newton, Barber, Clardy, Cleveland, & O'Sullivan, 2008) titled "Is There Hardening of the Heart During Medical School? Physician-Patient Relationship" explored vicarious empathy during medical education.
They found that "empathy significantly decreased during medical education (P < .001), especially after the first and third years". The authors concluded that diminished vicarious or emotionally driven empathy occurs after the first year and after the third, clinical years of medical education when students “were seeing patients they had, presumably, looked forward to helping.”
Interestingly, another study conducted by Jean Decety, Professor in Psychology and Yawei Cheng of the Institute of Neuroscience found that physicians unconsciously learn to turn-off the center of the brain that initiates empathic responses. In their 2008 article,
“Expertise Modulates the Perception of Pain in Others,” published in
Current Biology, they note that physicians "have learned through their training and practice to keep a detached perspective; without such a mechanism, performing their practice could be overwhelming or distressing, and as a consequence impair their ability to be of assistance to their patients”.
Based on their current and previous research, Decety and Chang affirmed that these physicians are unique: their neural circuitry, which normally registers pain when one person sees another person in pain, experiences no activity during such an exercise. The response in this circuit, which includes the anterior insula, periaqueducal gray, and anterior cingulate cortex, is automatic and likely represents evolutionary panic responses in order to respond to danger. Unlike the control group, the sample group of physicians did experience an increase in the frontal areas of the brain- the medial and superior prefrontal cortices and right tempororparietal junction, where emotions are regulated and cognitive control occurs. This unconscious training of the brain can incite emotional detachment, which some argue helps physicians avoid their own high levels of personal distress that may incite a host of psychological problems.
But is there a middle ground wherein a physician- or a nurse, social worker, therapist or other helper- can engage in empathy while maintaing important, self-preserving boundaries? This is an important area for further social and neuro scientific research. For example, we should explore whether or not empathic traits actually do expedite vicarious trauma or perhaps burn out. In other words, does compassionate and empathic care, in fact, "impair [physicians'] ability to be of assistance to their patients"? We should explore the positive, insulating benefits of relational mutuality for patients, their families, and the physicians as well. These types of studies may provide more answers to many unaddressed questions about the nature of human relationships during distress.
As a clinician who has helped bereaved parents for thirteen years, many of whom have experienced trauma beyond any normal range of experiences, I would assert that, indeed, we can engage in this way. In fact, I'd go as far as to assert that there is no other way in which to experience authentic, meaningful, and healing human interaction. It moves beyond the acquiescence of first, do no harm and prompts an imperative to then do good. How to reach this place is complicated and I cannot teach it in a few words electronically scribbled on these pages. It takes willingness to learn, and requires an abandonment of academic arrogance and the assumption of humility. They are lessons hard learned. But it is what I teach because it is that in which I believe. It is what I know to be true.
And I think it is because I do go there with people, because I have trained my brain to remain responsive to and not allow flight during those fearful times, that I have been able to listen to thousands upon thousands of stories of trauma and loss, to watch hundreds of children die in the arms of their parents.
I have allowed the germination of those meaningful relationships, and I have tried to nurture interconnectedness, even through the vicarious pain and angst. I am nearly certain that if I'd tried to protect myself, sequestering my heart from these experiences, and not invited those empathic relational interactions, I would have suffered from caregiver burnout long ago. And, oh what I'd have lost would be far greater than that which I've gained.
Ref: Academic Medicine. 83(3):244-249, March 2008.
Newton, Bruce W. PhD; Barber, Laurie MD; Clardy, James MD; Cleveland, Elton MD; O'Sullivan, Patricia EdD
